There were 96 representatives from 36 different producers among the 302 registered delegates from a total of 41 different countries. There were also 75 registrations representing 43 different raw material suppliers.

At the opening of the conference, Ioannis Manessis, chairman of IREPAS, stated that the global steel industry is operating in an increasingly challenging environment characterized by geopolitical conflicts, shifting trade flows, higher costs and relatively weak demand. According to the IREPAS chairman, the deteriorating situations in the Black Sea and Iran are having a significant impact on steel markets and international trade. Damage to ports and vessels’ reluctance to sail have made trade in the Black Sea extremely difficult, while attacks on bulk carriers and oil tankers have also created significant challenges for trade in the Middle East.

Against this backdrop, energy prices, including oil, natural gas and coal prices, have increased, in some cases significantly. Manessis noted that these increases are raising costs for steel producers, scrap suppliers and shipping companies, affecting the entire steel value chain.

At the same time, the industry is facing an increasingly restrictive global trade environment. The IREPAS chairman highlighted the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) and its safeguard measures implemented after July 1, US tariffs, scrap trade restrictions in around 40 countries worldwide and other trade measures affecting steel markets. He also pointed to China’s recent efforts to prevent its steel industry from offering products at excessively low or loss-making prices, stating that these measures already appear to be having an impact on the market.

Meanwhile, higher interest rates are putting additional pressure on consumers as authorities seek to contain inflation. Manessis stated that, apart from demand related to the expansion of artificial intelligence data centers, global demand for steel products remains relatively weak.

According to the IREPAS chairman, demand is therefore not currently determining the direction of the market, with rising costs instead becoming the key factor. As a result, steel prices are increasing in almost all markets despite weak demand. Manessis added that, although the current environment remains difficult to navigate, higher prices are allowing trade to continue and creating opportunities for market participants.

On the last day of the conference, producers of long steel products, as well as traders and raw material suppliers, shared the conclusions reached at their special committee meetings regarding the current situation in the markets with the general participants at the event.

Producers at IREPAS: Trade barriers and overcapacity are fragmenting global steel markets

Steel producers remain cautiously optimistic despite challenging international trade conditions, while energy and raw material costs are expected to continue putting pressure on mills at least through the end of the winter, according to Alex Gordienko, export director at Spain’s CELSA Group, speaking on behalf of the producers committee.

Mr. Gordienko said that regions face different challenges, with European producers particularly affected by energy-related issues. Nevertheless, producers continue to see underlying domestic demand and remain somewhat more optimistic than current market conditions might suggest.

India expected to remain focused on domestic market

Commenting on the rise in Indian steel demand and the decline in the country’s export activity, Gordienko pointed to significant infrastructure investments and rapidly growing construction demand, while India’s steel production capacity is also increasing. He said he expects India to remain primarily focused on its domestic market over the next five years.

Regarding Southeast Asian suppliers, Gordienko said they will remain competitive internationally, though increasingly selective about their target markets. Their presence is expected to remain significant in the MENA region, while access to the EU will be more difficult due to quota restrictions.

EU needs favorable investment conditions as well as trade protection

Turning to Europe, Gordienko said there is significant potential demand from housing, electricity generation, data centers and defense investments, as well as the replacement of aging infrastructure. However, bureaucratic barriers are preventing these needs from translating into actual construction and investment.

According to Gordienko, the EU has become increasingly effective at protecting its steel market, but less successful in creating economic conditions that make steel production and investment attractive. Safeguards and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) provide some protection, but cannot compensate for issues such as insufficient or expensive energy supply.

Overcapacity and trade barriers to fragment global markets

Addressing global overcapacity, Gordienko said governments increasingly want to preserve domestic steelmaking capacity even when mills struggle to generate profits, while new capacity continues to emerge in several regions.

He said he sees no realistic global mechanism capable of effectively regulating excess capacity. As trade barriers increase, surplus steel will have access to fewer export destinations, increasing the pressure on markets that remain open. At the same time, protected markets could experience temporary shortages and price increases despite substantial global excess capacity.

Gordienko said fragmentation is also changing the traditional steel market cycle. Instead of one broadly synchronized global cycle, individual regions are increasingly likely to follow their own cycles as trade barriers, domestic policies and local market conditions gain importance.

Looking ahead to 2027, he identified fragmentation as a key issue, encompassing overcapacity, Chinese exports and growing trade barriers, with market participants increasingly needing to focus on developments in their own domestic markets.

Traders at IREPAS: Trade barriers and freight risks make steel trade more regional

F.D. Baysal, chairman and CEO of SEBA Group of Companies and chairman of the traders committee, shared the committee’s assessment of current market conditions, highlighting weakening demand, regulatory pressures and rising geopolitical risks.

Mr. Baysal stated that steel trade is becoming more regional as tariffs, freight risks and additional import requirements complicate transactions. Presenting the findings of the IREPAS traders committee, Baysal said China had reduced steel production but continued to export large volumes. He stated that export licensing and VAT-related changes had altered the composition of its exports, with a greater share of long products. Continued weakness in China’s real estate sector has left surplus production seeking overseas markets, he added.

Freight risks complicate steel trade in Middle East

Baysal described freight conditions as volatile, stating that shipping from Asia to Europe has remained relatively soft, while finding vessels for shipments to and from the Middle East has become difficult. War-risk premiums and higher bunker costs have added to the challenges faced by traders.

Regarding trade in the GCC region, Baysal said decisions can no longer be based solely on the price of steel and its shipping cost. Traders must also consider insurance, changing transit times and uncertainty over whether cargoes will arrive as planned. He stated that he expects logistics to remain a significant issue. Baysal said geopolitical freight premiums are not necessarily permanent. What has changed more durably, in his view, is the need to account for geopolitical risks in every transaction. Shipping routes, additional premiums and the working capital tied up in delayed cargoes have become part of traders’ calculations.

High interest rates weigh on US steel demand

Baysal pointed out that higher interest rates are weighing on US commercial and residential construction and on demand for steel products used in those sectors. However, infrastructure, data centers, energy projects and manufacturing investment continue to consume steel. He noted that large infrastructure and data center projects are supplied mainly by domestic mills.

Against this background, Baysal said traders favor disciplined purchasing and low inventories. Back-to-back transactions are more attractive than speculative stockholding when financing is expensive and tariffs, quotas, freight and regional market conditions can change.

Capacity-demand gap and trade measures seen as interconnected risks

Although steel remains a cyclical industry, Baysal said its underlying trade structure has changed. Capacity growth, trade barriers and geopolitical risks have fragmented the market, requiring traders to identify opportunities in individual regions rather than rely on price differences alone.

Looking ahead to 2027, he described the gap between steel capacity and demand, and the trade measures that may result from it, as interconnected risks.

Raw Material Suppliers at IREPAS: Rising costs and trade barriers put pressure on raw material flows

Jens Björkman from Stena Metal International and chairman of the raw material suppliers committee shared the committee’s assessments of current dynamics and difficulties in global raw material markets during a panel session.

Mr. Björkman stated that higher freight, energy and financing costs, together with potential restrictions on scrap exports, are putting pressure on the steelmaking raw material trade. Presenting the findings of the IREPAS raw material suppliers committee, Björkman said coking coal prices had risen by around 60 percent within a few months. He also pointed to strong raw material demand in the US during the first part of 2026 and growth in India. In Europe, in contrast, high energy costs have added to the challenges facing the industry, he stated.

Low Rhine water levels disrupt European scrap and steel movements

Björkman said the low water levels of the River Rhine, comparable to those seen in 2018, have disrupted movements of scrap and steel in Europe. Some material has remained in inventories instead of reaching its destinations, causing business to be postponed. He described European steel capacity utilization of around 65 percent as unsustainable.

Regarding coking coal, Björkman said the summer price surge was driven particularly by conditions in China and had also lifted Australian prices. Chinese demand has since eased somewhat, he said. Although he cited an increase of around six percent in Indian production this year, he does not expect it to offset weaker Chinese demand. Björkman therefore sees a slightly negative outlook for coking coal prices in the coming months and said the earlier surge may prove temporary in the short term.

Trade disruptions affect scrap purchases in India and Pakistan

Turning to import scrap markets in India and Pakistan, Björkman said disruptions to trade flows have had a substantial effect on purchasing. Buyers who previously could purchase smaller quantities with shorter lead times have had to consider larger volumes and longer delivery periods. Higher freight and financing costs make those changes more difficult, he explained. He added that demand for European material has increased.

The chairman of the raw material suppliers committee expressed concern about proposed changes affecting EU shipments of ferrous and non-ferrous material to non-OECD countries. North Africa and South Asia are significant and consistent buyers of European material, he said. In his view, restrictions could affect both their ability to purchase scrap from the EU and recycling activity within Europe.

Financing raw material trade has also become more difficult throughout the supply chain, according to Björkman. Higher interest rates, freight costs and raw material prices are encouraging companies to keep lead times short, buy according to immediate requirements and avoid accumulating large inventories.

Scrap to remain principal raw material for EAF-based producers

On the future raw material mix for electric arc furnace-based producers, Björkman said scrap will remain the principal input. HBI and DRI can supplement scrap, but he does not expect them to replace it. Their cost is a constraint in many regions, while energy availability influences where they can be produced. Björkman also questioned whether Europe could depend on supplies from the GCC given regional and political uncertainties.

Trade barriers seen as key risk for scrap market in 2027

Björkman said Europe has sufficient scrap for its own steelmakers and has opposed adding further restrictions and administrative requirements to its export trade.

Asked about the risks facing the market in 2027, he identified increasing trade barriers as a particular concern for scrap suppliers. Björkman expects trade to become more regional, with European exporters facing additional requirements.

For Vietnam, the DOC determined a net countervailable subsidy rate of 6.80 percent for Hoa Phat Group Joint Stock Company and 6.80 percent for all other Vietnamese exporters.

For Egypt, the DOC determined a net countervailable subsidy rate of 23.27 percent for the Ezz Group, comprising Al-Ezz Dekheila Steel Alexandria Company (SAE), Ezz Steel Company S.A.E., Ezz Rolling Mills Company (SAE), Al-Ezz Flat Steel Company (SAE), Contra Steel Co., and Al-Ezz Group Holding Company for Industry & Investment. The DOC also determined a rate of 23.27 percent for all other Egyptian exporters.

The subject merchandise is provided for in subheadings 7213.10.0000, 7214.20.0000, and 7228.30.8010 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS).

The CVD orders are applicable as of September 18, 2026, the date of publication in the Federal Register.

The orders follow affirmative final determinations by the DOC and the US International Trade Commission (ITC), which determined that a US industry is materially injured by reason of dumped imports of rebar from the three countries.

For Bulgaria, the DOC determined a weighted-average dumping margin of 53.27 percent for Promet Steel JSC and all others.

For Egypt, the DOC determined a weighted-average dumping margin of 34.20 percent for the Ezz Steel group of companies and all others, and 52.73 percent for El Marakby Steel and Suez Steel Company, based on adverse facts available.

For Vietnam, the DOC determined a weighted-average dumping margin of 128.53 percent for the Hoa Phat group of companies, with a cash deposit rate of 123.49 percent after adjustment for export subsidy offsets, and a Vietnam-wide rate of 136.57 percent, based on adverse facts available.

Day 1: Sunday, September 27, 2026

19:00 – 22:00                   Welcome cocktail at the Metropol Palace, Belgrade

Day 2: Monday, September 28, 2026

09:15 – 09:30                  Welcome address by Chairman of IREPAS

IREPAS Chairman: Ioannis Manessis, Principal, Hellenic Halyvourgia S.A

09:30 – 11:10                  SESSION ONE – Critical Changes Shaping the Global Long Steel Markets

- Long products market outlook

Alexander Gordienko, Export Director, Celsa Group

- Regional Markets of the Balkans and Southeast Europe in the Global Storm

- Branko Zecevic, President, Metalfer Group

 - HBI in the Raw Materials Landscape

Vincent F. Chevrier, General Manager / Technical Sales and Marketing , Midrex Technologies, Inc.

- CBAM: A Verifier’s Perspective on Compliance and Implementation

Jerónimo Casas, Global Product Manager for Climate Change and Sustainability Solutions, SGS

11:10 – 11:40 Networking break

11:40 – 12:45 SESSION TWO – Steel Markets in a Changing Global Landscape

- Navigating the New Global Order: Strategic Foresight for Steel Markets

Keynote Speaker: Velina Tchakarova, Geopolitical Strategist and Founder, FACE For A Conscious Experience

- Dry Freight and Steel Trade Flows Amid Geopolitical Risks

Maria Bertzeletou, Senior Market Analyst, The Signal Group

12:45 – 14:30                    Networking lunch

14:30 – 16:30                    IREPAS Committee Meetings

• 14:30 – 16:30 IREPAS Producers Committee (by invitation only)
• 14:30 – 16:30 IREPAS Raw Material Suppliers Committee (by invitation only)
• 14:30 – 16:30 IREPAS Traders Committee (open to all attendees)

16:00 – 18:00                    Monday cocktail reception

Day 3: Tuesday, September 29, 2026

10:00 – 11:30                   SESSION THREE – Panel with Committee Chairmen

• IREPAS Producers Committee
• IREPAS Raw Material Suppliers Committee
• IREPAS Traders Committee

The supply and demand balance in the global long steel products market has become marginally worse for international business since June, although supply has started to react. Global crude steel production moved from an increase of 1.7 percent year on year in June to a decrease of 0.3 percent in July, with China’s crude steel output moving from an increase of 0.4 percent to a decrease of 3.6 percent in these respective months. However, global production in the January-July period was down only 0.6 percent year on year, which does not yet signal a meaningful rebalancing. The market situation in the coming period is extremely difficult to predict, particularly given the geopolitical developments affecting the Black Sea region and the Strait of Hormuz. International trade has become increasingly challenging. Demand remains generally subdued, while disruptions to supply and logistics are creating upward pressure on prices.

Energy costs rise significantly, overall environment increasingly inflationary

At the same time, energy costs have risen significantly. Natural gas prices in Europe and elsewhere remain at very high levels, with electricity prices following the same trend, while coal prices have also moved higher. Consequently, the overall environment has become increasingly inflationary. We, therefore, have an unusual combination of relatively weak demand and rising costs and supply-side pressures, which are creating considerable uncertainty and volatility in the international steel market.

China’s steel bar exports rise further, its real estate investments deteriorate

In the meantime, China’s real estate investments deteriorated from a decrease of 18.0 percent in the first half to a drop of 19.2 percent in the January-July period, with fixed-asset investments and infrastructure investments decreasing by bigger margins of 6.7 percent and 3.6 percent respectively in the January-July period, compared to respective declines of 5.7 percent and 2.4 percent in the first half. Steel exports from China in July remained above 10 million metric tons, with steel bar exports rising by 20.9 percent in July and by 12.3 percent in the January-July period. Together with the tighter EU and UK import quotas from July 1, this means a better balance inside protected markets but more displacement into the remaining open markets. The imbalance is being redistributed rather than resolved.

Higher costs begin to push EU prices upwards

Demand in the EU market remains weak, partly due to the summer season and the continued lack of activity in construction. A sudden increase in consumption is not currently foreseen, particularly as we move into the fourth quarter, which is traditionally a period of slowing activity. Nevertheless, sharply higher energy costs are now pushing mills’ prices upwards. Exceptionally low water levels on Europe’s major rivers have also increased transport costs for both mills and importers. Even in a weak demand environment, producers cannot continue absorbing these additional costs indefinitely. The current upward price movement is therefore mainly cost-driven rather than the result of any significant improvement in consumption.

US remains one of the clearer growth markets, but high interest rates still a major issue

The US is one of the clearer growth markets: domestic steel shipments increased by 5.3 percent in the first half of 2026, while steel demand is forecast to grow by 1.7 percent in the calendar year 2026, supported by infrastructure and technology-related investment. There is a gradual demand recovery in the US as well as strong infrastructure investment and continued AI investments. Meanwhile, imports are down 22 percent year-to-date. Supply in the US long steel market is moderately tight but has been moving toward a balance as of August. High interest rates are still a major issue for residential and commercial construction. However, rising domestic capacity and slowly recovering imports should gradually ease the supply pressure. Overall, the situation is better for US mills, but tougher for international suppliers. The US is going on its own path, at least until the results of the mid-term elections are announced. In the meantime, there are about 20 steel producers in the US announcing outages for September, October and November.

Global prices to remain driven by supply-side factors rather than by demand

From a pricing perspective, the main supportive factors are the prospect of reduced supply pressure from China, disruptions affecting trade in the Black Sea and the Strait of Hormuz, higher energy and production costs, and the increasingly restrictive trade measures being implemented in the US, the EU and the UK. Global production finally saw a slightly negative correction in July, indicating that mills are beginning to respond. In the EU, steel producers are announcing profits. Our expectation is that prices will remain under upward pressure during the next quarter driven primarily by the abovementioned factors rather than by a strong recovery in underlying demand.

Global steel demand foreseen to improve in 2027, but no broad recovery yet

On the demand side, the picture is less encouraging. Nevertheless, there is still meaningful demand in the Americas, while demand in most other regions appears broadly stable rather than deteriorating significantly. Looking at the global situation, India, Southeast Asia, Africa and select US construction segments offer the best opportunities for long steel products. According to market analysts, global steel demand is expected to improve further in 2027, supporting trade volumes and market confidence. These are positives for select markets and margins, but not yet evidence of a broad global demand recovery.

Ferrous scrap market still characterized by weakness

The ferrous scrap market is weak without much movement towards the upside as steel mills seek to avoid price hikes that would further constrict their margins.

Competition at reduced levels amid limited number of viable supply alternatives

Competition in the global long steel market is currently somewhat reduced, mainly because the number of competitive supply sources has become more limited. Trade restrictions, geopolitical disruptions, higher freight and energy costs, and difficulties in accessing certain markets have all reduced the number of viable supply alternatives.

Current market status very unstable, market highly sensitive to geopolitical developments

Under such circumstances, the current status of the market can be described as very unstable. The market will remain highly sensitive to geopolitical developments, particularly in the Black Sea and the Middle East.

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The DOC preliminarily determined that POSCO and POSCO International Corporation (PIC), treated as a single entity, did not sell subject merchandise in the United States at prices below normal value during the period of review. The DOC has preliminarily determined a weighted-average dumping margin of 0.00 percent for the collapsed entity.

The all-others rate is 41.10 percent.

The DOC determined a weighted-average dumping margin of 53.27 percent for Promet Steel JSC and 53.27 percent for all other Bulgarian exporters.

The subject merchandise is provided for in subheadings 7213.10.0000, 7214.20.0000, and 7228.30.8010 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS).

The AD investigation was initiated on June 30, 2025, in response to a petition filed by the Rebar Trade Action Coalition. The final determination was published in the Federal Register on July 30, 2026. If the US International Trade Commission (ITC) issues an affirmative final injury determination, the DOC will issue an AD order.

In the AD investigation, covering the period of investigation between April 1, 2024, and March 31, 2025, the DOC determined a weighted-average dumping margin of 34.20 percent for the Ezz group, comprising Al-Ezz Dekheila Steel Alexandria Company S.A.E., Ezz Steel Company S.A.E., Ezz Rolling Mills Company S.A.E., and Al-Ezz Flat Steel Company S.A.E.

The DOC also determined a margin of 52.73 percent for El Marakby Steel, 52.73 percent for Suez Steel Company, and 34.20 percent for all other Egyptian exporters. The rates for El Marakby Steel and Suez Steel Company are based on facts available with adverse inferences.

In the CVD investigation, covering the period of investigation between January 1, 2024, and December 31, 2024, the DOC determined a net countervailable subsidy rate of 23.27 percent for the Ezz group, comprising Al-Ezz Dekheila Steel Alexandria Company (SAE), Ezz Steel Company S.A.E., Ezz Rolling Mills Company (SAE), Al-Ezz Flat Steel Company (SAE), Contra Steel Co., and Al-Ezz Group Holding Company for Industry & Investment.

The DOC also determined a rate of 23.27 percent for all other Egyptian exporters.

The subject merchandise is provided for in subheadings 7213.10.0000, 7214.20.0000, and 7228.30.8010 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS).

The investigations were initiated on June 30, 2025, in response to a petition filed by the Rebar Trade Action Coalition. The final determinations were published in the Federal Register on July 30, 2026. If the US International Trade Commission (ITC) issues an affirmative final injury determination, the DOC will issue AD and CVD orders.

The DOC determined a net countervailable subsidy rate of 6.80 percent for Hoa Phat Group Joint Stock Company and 6.80 percent for all other Vietnamese exporters.

The subject merchandise is provided for in subheadings 7213.10.0000, 7214.20.0000, and 7228.30.8010 of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTSUS).

The CVD investigation was initiated on June 30, 2025, in response to a petition filed by the Rebar Trade Action Coalition. The final determination was published in the Federal Register on July 30, 2026. If the US International Trade Commission (ITC) issues an affirmative final injury determination, the DOC will issue a CVD order.

The net countervailable subsidy rate is 72.94 percent for Tosyali Iron Steel Industry Algeria SPA, the sole mandatory respondent, and 72.94 percent for all others. The rate is based on facts available with adverse inferences, as Tosyali did not participate in the investigation.

Because the US Trade Representative has determined that Algeria is not a Subsidies Agreement country, no material injury determination by the US International Trade Commission was required.

The ITC closed its investigation on May 18, 2026, and the DOC subsequently issued this order. The CVD order is applicable as of July 6, 2026, and was published in the Federal Register the same date.